THE TIGER KING By Kalki

1.      What’s a satire?

Ans. Satire is a genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations, government or society itself, into improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using wit as a weapon and as a tool to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society.

2.      Write “The tiger king” as satire.

Ans. The story 'The Tiger King' is a mordant satire on the conceit of those in power. Most of the time the rulers are not interested in serving the people or work for the welfare of the public; instead they spend their time in foolish pursuits. Even the coteries who surround these power centers are interested in taking advantage of the proximity for their own welfare. The writer has also succeeded in capturing the nuances of then and now political system. The writer lampoons the king and the coteries who surround him. Most the story conveys the message of conserving wildlife. The king instead of protecting tiger acts to destroy them.

3.       Justify the title.

Ans.“The Tiger King” is a very appropriate title for the story for several reasons. First of all, the king is crazy about tiger hunting so much that he marries a princess whose father’s kingdom has a sizeable tiger population. He kills one hundred tigers just to fulfil his vow. Secondly, the king with all his frenzy, anger and ruthlessness is as ferocious as a tiger. Thirdly, he dies of infection received from a wooden toy tiger. Finally, the prediction that a tiger would cause the king’s death also comes true. Since the story revolves round the king and the hundred tigers that he kills, it could not be better titled than “The Tiger King”.

4.       Irony and Satire in ‘The Tiger King’ or comment on the dramatic irony in “The tiger King”.

Ans.‘The Tiger King’ is replete with irony that reveals the follies of autocratic and wilful rulers who flout all laws and bend them to suit their selfish interests.  The dramatic irony in the story is sharp when the Tiger King alone is unaware that his bullet had not killed the hundredth tiger. The other characters and the readers anticipate his doom as he celebrates his triumph over his destiny. We realize how misplaced the King’s pride at killing the first tiger was. The astrologers had prophesied, “You may kill ninety nine tigers like this, but your death will be brought on by the hundredth tiger.” The King wanted to prove the astrologer wrong and to save his life. Ironically, to avert death he actually invites it. The lofty titles used to introduce the Tiger King, suggesting an invincible ferocity are indeed ironic for he is finally killed by a cheap, crudely made wooden toy tiger which became the tool of Nature’s revenge. He had killed a hundred tigers in vain and must be punished for it. Irony is indeed sharp when the surgeons announce the operation successful and declare the king dead.

5.      What are the instances of satire?

Ans. Satire employs irony, sarcasm, and ridicule etc. In exposing and criticizing follies and vices in men. The story uses humour to criticize self-seeking Kings who wilfully exploit both nature and their subjects for selfish interests.

a)      When the Maharaja of Pratibandhpuram was told that he would be killed by a tiger, he could never imagine the twist in fate where a toy tiger could be fatal. Because of his conceit, he was unprepared for such surprises flung by life at him.

b)      The grandeur associated with a king’s life proves a mockery. The news of the king’s ailment invited not one, but three surgeons. They got so tied up in technicalities that they declared the operation successful even though the king died.

c)      The story also satirizes the corrupting influence of power. Just because the Tiger King had power, he felt he could browbeat his subjects and even defeat fate. He neglected his responsibility as a ruler.  He neglected the welfare of his subjects, his family, increased and reduced taxes at will and sacked his officers. They feared him or else he would have learnt the truth.

d)      When we see the king gloating over his bravery after killing the hundredth old, weak tiger, we notice that Kalki is satirizing the notions of cowardice and bravery. There is no heroism in fighting an unequal battle. The King’s cowardice was obvious when he justifies that one may kill even a cow in self defense.

e)      Kalki is also criticizing the King’s men and subjects who pander to his whims out of fear or like the shopkeeper manipulate and fool him.

6.       What is the author’s indirect comment on subjecting innocent animals to the wilfulness of human beings?

Ans. Through this satirical story the author has rightly portrayed how human beings have subjected innocent animals to untold torture and death, merely to fulfill their own whims and fancies. The maharaja’s indiscriminate killing of tigers led to their extinction in some states, but the maharaja was oblivious to the grave consequences his action was leading to. In order to prove an astrologer wrong the maharaja went on a killing spree proving his dominance over the hapless animals.

7.       How would you describe the behaviour of the Maharaja’s minions towards him? Do you find them truly sincere towards him or are they driven by fear when they obey him? Do we find a similarity in today’s political order?

Ans. Maharaja’s minions were subservient and sycophantic. Most of them were scared of Maharaja and tried to keep him in good humour by obeying his orders. They did not dare to disobey him as his displeasure could mean loss of their job or even loss of their lives.

The astrologer was afraid of predicting his death, till Maharaja told him to “speak without fear”. Dewan who should have advised the king not to kill the tigers did not dare to go against his wishes and aided his marriage to a princess whose father’s kingdom possessed a large number of tigers. Being afraid of losing his job, he presented an old tiger to satisfy the whims of his Maharaja. Likewise, the hunters chose not to inform him of the survival of the 100th tiger and instead killed it themselves fearing that they might lose their jobs. Even the shopkeeper, who sold the king a cheap wooden toy tiger, quoted a higher price lest he should be punished under the rules of emergency.

So, it is evident that the king’s minions were driven by fear rather than any feelings of sincerity towards their ruler.

Today’s political order is no different— we know too well that many of the people in power are not there because of their ability but because of their influence and power. Moreover, others pander to them for their own vested interests rather than for the good of the country.

8.      Why do you think, the author goes into detailed identification of the Tiger King through a variety of titles? Does he really mean to humour him?

Ans. Kalki, the author of the story, has no intention of praising the king. In     fact, immediately after addressing him with a variety of titles, he brings an anti-climax by telling his readers that his name is shortened to “Tiger King “.

9.      How did the Maharaja manage to save his throne?

Ans. The Maharaja had annoyed the visiting senior British officer over the issue of tiger-hunting and ‘stood in danger of losing his kingdom itself’. So, the Maharaja and the Dewan decided to placate and pacify the officer through bribe by sending gifts of expensive diamond rings to the ‘duraisani”, the wife of the British officer. Thus he managed to save his throne.

10.  How did the ‘duraisani’ behave on receiving the gifts?

Ans. Some fifty samples of expensive diamond rings were sent to the duraisani and it was expected that she would select on or two and return the rest. But the lady proved to be greedy as she retained all of them and merely sent a letter of thanks.

11.  How was the Tiger King brought up?

Ans. As a child the Tiger King was brought up by an English nanny and tutored in English by an Englishman. He was given the milk of an English cow. Like many other Indian crown princes he watched only English movies.

12.  What did the State astrologer say he would do ‘if the hundredth tiger were also killed’?

Ans. The State astrologer was so sure of his prediction that he announced that he would cut off his ceremonial tuft, crop his hair short and become an insurance agent in case the king was able to kill the 100th tiger, too. He was sure that the Maharaja’s death would be caused by the 100th tiger.

13.  What did the high-ranking British officer wish to do? Was his wish fulfilled?

Ans. The high-ranking British officer wanted to kill a tiger. When he was denied the permission for hunting, he sent a word to the king that he would be happy if he was allowed to get photographed with the dead body of a tiger killed by the king. However, his wish remained unfulfilled.

14.  How did the tiger king acquire his name? (2009)

Ans. The Tiger King was Maharaja of Pratibandapuram. He came to be known as tiger king as at his birth it was predicted by the royal astrologer that he would be killed by a tiger .And to disprove this prediction he started killing the tigers indiscriminately and killed 99 tigers. Moreover, he was ferocious like a tiger.

15.  What do you understand by “threat of a Stuka bomber”?

Ans. Stuka Bomber was a German ground attack aircraft which was known for its high accuracy in hitting its target and terrorizing sound it emitted.

Through the reference of Stuka Bomber , the author wants to convey that he intends to tell why Maharaja of Pratibandapuram came to be known as Tiger King and nothing ,not even horrifying Stuka Bomber could compel him to digress from the topic.

16.  What was the miracle that took place in the royal palace?

Ans. When the Maharaja was a 10 day old infant, he spoke and asked intelligent questions about his death. After knowing that he would be killed by a tiger he uttered saying “Let tigers beware.”

17.  What predictions did the astrologers make at the birth of the tiger king?

Ans: The astrologers predicted that the newly born prince will grow up to become the hero of heroes, brave of the bravest and a great warrior. He also predicted that the baby was born in the hour of the bull. The bull and tiger were enemies. Therefore, he would die because of the tiger

18.   What justification did the tiger king give before he started out on tiger hunt?

Ans. He believes in the saying ‘You may kill a cow in self-defence’. So, he had no objection in killing tigers in self-defence.

19.  How did the Maharaja manage to save his throne?

Ans. The Maharaja had annoyed the visiting senior British officer over the issue of tiger-hunting and ‘stood in danger of losing his kingdom itself’. So, the Maharaja and the Dewan decided to placate and pacify the officer through bribe by sending gifts of expensive diamond rings to the ‘duraisani”, the wife of the British officer. Thus he managed to save his throne.

20.  What unforeseen hurdle brought the tiger hunt to a standstill?

Ans. Within ten years Maharaja’s tiger hunting had resulted in the killing of seventy tigers. However his tiger killing mission came to a sudden standstill because the tiger population became extinct in the forest of Pratibandapuram.

21.  Why did the Maharaja suddenly decide to marry? Whom did he wish to marry?

Ans. The Maharaja suddenly decided to marry because firstly, he was of marriageable age and secondly, he wanted to kill thirty more tigers in his father-in-law’s state in order to complete the tally of hundred tigers .For this reason he wished to marry a girl in the royal family of a state with a large tiger population.

22.  Why did Maharaja order the dewan to double the tax?

Ans. The Maharaja called the dewan and ordered him to immediately double the tax of the villagers who had informed him of a tiger in the forest because despite his best efforts he was unable to locate the beast. This infuriated the Maharaja.

23.  Why did the Dewan decide to give up his own tiger to be killed by the Maharaja?

Ans.The dewan had hidden in his house an old tiger which had been brought from the People’s Park in Madras. He feared that if the Maharaja did not get a tiger to hunt, the result would be catastrophic and he would lose his job.

24.  What was Dewan’s tiger like? How did he take it into the forest?

Ans. The tiger was weak, senile. Dewan arranged the tiger from the People’s Park.

At midnight he dragged the tiger and shoved him into the car, went to the forest, hauled the beast out of the car, and pushed him to the ground near Maharaja’s camp.

25.  How the 100th tiger was finally found & killed?

Ans. The Dewan took the 100th tiger which he had brought from people’s park in Madras. The tiger wondered into Maharaja’s presence. The king shot it but it was not killed; the hunters killed to escape from king’s anger.

26.  Why was the Maharaja overcome with elation when he thought he had killed the hundredth tiger?

Ans. The Maharaja was overcome with elation on having killed the hundredth tiger because his vow had been fulfilled. By killing the hundredth tiger, he thought the prophecy about his death had been disproved. On his command , the dead body of the hundredth tiger was taken in grand a procession through the town and buried . A tomb was erected over it.

27.  What did the Maharaja buy as a birthday gift for his son?

Ans. The Maharaja wished to give his son a very special gift on his birthday and he bought a wooden toy tiger as a perfect birthday gift for his son.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

28.  How did the Tiger King meet his end? What is ironical about his death?

Ans. The wooden toy tiger the king had got as a birthday present for his son had been carved by an unskilled carpenter. It had a rough surface with tiny slivers of wood standing up like quills all over it. One of those slivers pierced the Maharaja’s right hand and although the king pulled it, his arm got infected. In four days, it developed into a suppurating sore and spread all over the arm. The king died while being operated upon.

The king’s death is ironical but not surprising for the reader who is, in fact, looking forward to it. Having ‘killed’ the 100th tiger, the king is jubilant for he has fulfilled his vow and disproved the prediction of the royal astrologer. He is now at ease for he thinks he cannot die of a tiger’s attack. No wonder, he orders the ‘dead’ tiger to be taken in a procession through the town and gets a tomb erected over it. All this while he does not know that the 100th victim was not killed by him but by other hunters. That is indeed quite ironical. Death is lurking around him and the king is unaware of it. Again, it is ironical that a king who has killed 99 tigers and is bold and fearless dies of a mere ‘sliver’ on the body of a wooden tiger. Thus, ironically death does come to him from a tiger.

29.  “The operation is successful. The maharaja is dead.” Comment on the irony of the situation.

Ans.The three famous surgeons were called from Madras to treat the Maharaja. The whole incident is a satire on the life of rich and people in power. Everything in their life should be grand be it a disease, purchases or treatment. So when the Maharaja got hurt by a wooden splinter, specialist from Madras was called. The surgeons discussed and debated for some time and decided to operate. At the end of the operation they said the operation was successful but the Maharaja was dead. As if the procedure was important to them but life had no meaning for them. The job of doctors is to save people and not highlight the technicalities of the treatment. But here it was just that, poor Maharaja was relegated to a nonentity whose life was not of much consequences to them.

30.  The Tiger King’ can be seen as Kalki’s comment on the British influence on the feudal lords and the reason for their alienation from their own culture and people. Discuss.

Ans. The Tiger King comes across as a person who was given to understand that everything belonging to the English was worth emulating and everything Indian was useless. It was so much that the milk given to the young prince was from an English cow. He was brought up by an English nanny, tutored in English by an Englishman and if he ever saw movies they were English films. This lifestyle was not peculiar to the king’s family alone but it was the case of most of the feudal lords all over India. This resulted in the lopsided development of these rulers and was the main cause of their alienation from their culture, environmental needs of their kingdom. In their attempts to please the Britishers they had different set of norms for their own subjects. Hence, where compassion was required they showed ruthlessness and brutality.

31.  What was ironical about the wooden tiger? What he considered the most befitting gift for his son cost merely two annas and a quarter.

Ans. Unlike the majestic tigers the king fought with his bare hands, it was a crude toy made by an unskilled craftsman, with tiny slivers sticking out of it A sliver from this wooden tiger pierced the King’s hand, which led to an infection that killed the king.

32.  Mention any two unforeseen hurdles the tiger king encountered in the fulfilment of his mission. How did he overcome them?

Ans. The tiger population in Pratibandapuram had become extinct so he got married to the daughter of the neighbouring kingdom with the largest tiger population; his refusing permission to a high ranking British officer to hunt tigers in Pratibandhpuram or even be photographed with a dead tiger  put his kingdom at stake, but he pacified the Durai by sending some fifty expensive diamond rings to his wife for which he emptied the royal treasury.